TASCAM has continuously been providing industry-leading recording solutions such as the TASCAM 38 Open Reel 8-track, the DA-88 Digital 8-track and the legendary Portastudio family of Analog Cassette and Digital Multi-track recorders. Now, TASCAM is reinventing its legacy, one of its classic lineups, infused with the latest audio technology; The brand new, beautiful multi-track live recording console, Model 24.
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Abstract:The renewed interest for power generation using renewables due to global trends provides an opportunity to rethink the approach to address the old yet existing load shedding problem. In the literature, limited studies are available that address the load shedding problem using a hybrid renewable energy system. This paper aims to fill this gap by proposing a techno-economic optimisation of a hybrid renewable energy system to mitigate the effect of load shedding at the distribution level. The proposed system in this work is configured using a photovoltaic array, wind turbines, an energy storage unit (of batteries), and a diesel generator system. The proposed system is equipped with a rule-based energy management scheme to ensure efficient utilisation and scheduling of the sources. The sizes of the photovoltaic array, wind turbine unit, and the batteries are optimised via the grasshopper optimisation algorithm based on the multi-criterion decision that includes loss of power supply probability, levelised cost of electricity, and payback period. The results for the actual case study in Quetta, Pakistan, show that the optimum sizes of the photovoltaic array, wind turbines, and the batteries are 35.75 kW, 10 kW, and 28.8 kWh, respectively. The sizes are based on the minimum values of levelised cost of electricity (6.64 cents/kWh), loss of power supply probability (0.0092), and payback period (7.4 years). These results are compared with conventional methods (generators, uninterruptible power supply, and a combined system of generator and uninterruptible power supply system) commonly used to deal with the load shedding problem. The results show that the renewable based hybrid system is a reliable and cost-effective option to address grid intermittency problem.Keywords: grasshopper optimisation algorithm; load shedding; optimal sizing; photovoltaic; wind turbine; rule-based; payback period; levelised cost of electricity; loss of power supply probability; multi-objective
The metal plate composed of iron helps prevent bending when installing heavy high-end graphics cards and protects other major components. The rounded edge arrayed in a linear pattern adds more aesthetics to this workstation motherboard.
The Systems Modeling Language (SysML) is a standard from the Object Management Group (OMG) to support the design, the analysis, and verification of complex systems which may include software and hardware components. SysML reuses parts of UML and additionally offers new language elements like value types, quantity kind, as well as the opportunity to describe the functionality of continuous systems [29]. One of the first intention for SysML was to give systems engineers a modeling language in hand which is not too software oriented [51]. SysML enables to model a wide variety of systems from different perspectives such as behavior, structure, or requirement. The temporarily last version 1.5 was released in May 2017. SysML has been in place for about thirteen years, and various papers capturing different aspects of this standard have been published at different venues by different research communities. Since SysML is used in multi-disciplinary engineering, there are large application fields where the language is used.
Industry: For industry, the findings give a good outline of the state of the art in SysML research. This may enable to transfer knowledge between academia and industry. Such knowledge transfer may push forward the realization of open issues in the vision of Industry 4.0 and cyber-physical systems [10]. At least, industry stakeholders may identify relevant and suitable research outputs for practical settings.
In this section, we give an outline on the method of systematic literature review compared to the method of a systematic mapping study. Furthermore, we take a closer look on these methods applied to UML and to its profiles (e.g., SysML, MARTE).
Evidence-based practices, originating from the medicine discipline, have been widely adopted in software engineering (SE) since 2004. In order to address evidence-based SE in the form of systematic literature reviews (SLRs), the corresponding techniques were re-formulated by Kitchenham [26]. SLR is a well-defined methodology to identify, analyze, and interpret evidences in an unbiased and repeatable way [28]. A large majority of published SLRs in the domain of SE has been performed by following the approaches introduced by Kitchenham et al. [25, 27]. In addition, there are some authors who have adopted surveys from medicine [35] as well as from social sciences [46], or they have applied refined guidelines like introduced in [11, 14, 60].
In this article, we apply a broader form of SLR which is known as systematic mapping study (SMS) according to [8], since our intention is to focus on evidences for a specific research topic instead of answering detailed research questions. Based on a set of primary studies, a SMS identifies gaps in the research area under consideration and discovers potential research trends. By doing so, we follow the guidelines for conducting SMS in SE introduced by Petersen et al. [44, 45]. Additionally, we apply the survey of Kuhrmann et al. [31] for performing our SMS for SysML (see Sect. 3).
In empirical studies concerning the maintenance of UML diagrams and their use in the maintenance of code, Fernández-Sáez et al. [17] conducted a SMS. For this purpose, the authors studied 38 already published studies for discovering an empirical evidence by applying the guidelines of [25]. As a result, the authors identified the need for more experiments and case studies in industrial contexts.
In the particular research field of UML-driven software performance engineering, Garousi et al. [18] conducted a SMS to systematically categorize the current state of the art. Thereby, the authors applied the guidelines provided by Kitchenham and Charters [25] and Petersen et al. [44]. Among others, the authors identified emerging trends in this specialized research field based on a set of 90 (from 114 identified) papers published between 1998 and 2011 [18].
Ameller et al. [1] classify UML and UML profiles used to specify functional and non-functional requirements based on SMS to assess the state of the art in the development of services-oriented architectures using model-driven development. The authors selected and analyzed 129 papers by adopting the guidelines presented in [25] and those described in [28, 44]. There are related SMS investigating the alignment of requirements specification and testing such as presented in [5]. In [52], the authors conducted a survey to examine the use of UML profiles for testing Web services composition.
In the research field of domain-specific languages (DSLs), Nascimento et al. [13] perform a SMS to identify the most popular application domains of DSLs. The authors categorize 1440 (from 4450 identified) primary studies by applying the guidelines described in [25, 44]. The technique of UML profiles is mentioned in 21 publications of their catalog. An extensive SLR in the specialized research area of model-driven security was conducted by Nguyen et al. [39], where the authors also consider UML profiles (e.g., UMLSec, SecureUML, etc.) for the definition of security-oriented DSLs. In addition, Souag et al. [55] surveyed UML-based extensions for modeling security in the field of security requirements engineering.
The UML profile SysML is addressed as topic in a mapping study, which investigated the usability requirements elicitation [41]. The study was conducted based on the guideline presented in [25]. The authors formulated a sub-question on notations to elicit usability requirements, and they identified model-based notations and natural language as the most widely used notations in SE. There are similar SLRs related to this topic such as presented in [2], which covers model-driven requirements engineering.
In this section, we relate existing research to our mapping study. The presented research includes guidelines for conducting SLRs and SMSs such as the work of Kitchenham et al. [25, 27] and Petersen et al. [44, 45], or Kuhrmann et al [31]. We discussed works including empirical studies, case studies, and surveys on UML and UML profiles, in particular, applied in the domain of software engineering as well as systems engineering. The conducted studies and mentioned surveys investigate in the research fields of requirements engineering, embedded systems in the context of early design verification, model-based systems engineering, security engineering, performance engineering, and software testing, e.g., the quality and usability of UML and UML profiles.
All of these studies and surveys have in common that they do not consider SysML exclusively and that they apply other guidelines than we follow in our mapping study. For instance, the presented SLRs answer detailed research questions but they give no evidence on various aspects for SysML for systems and software engineering. However, they represent interesting related work and provide relevant entry points to our own mapping study. 2ff7e9595c
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